Aug 31 2009
Expanding Spacetime Theory
Expanding Spacetime Theory
It seems amazingly simple - the realisation that Time is not fixed, but alters in scale along with the other three familiar dimensions. Yet this minor alteration can unify and reconcile General Relativity with Quantum Theory, making sense of these previously imcompatible cornerstones of the modern view of reality…
The Expanding Spacetime (EST) Theory - A simple explanation to the cosmological puzzles.
A Synopsis.
C. Johan Masreliez
A new cosmological expansion mode is proposed by which all four metrics of spacetime expand. The considerations leading to this theory are presented below and in the sidebar “Justifying the theory” without mathematics. The more advanced reader might prefer to go directly to the sidebar section with technical papers starting with “The Expanding Spacetime theory”.
A fundamental insight
When we think of the universe, we usually have in mind something that contains everything there is. There is nothing “outside” the universe because if there were we could naturally include it into the universe we conceive.
In a self-sufficient universe there can be no absolute scale of material objects since scale is a relative concept. If you reflect on this you will realize that the scale of an object always is given in relation to some other object. But, if the size (scale) of an object only may be defined in relation to some other object, why should any particular scale take preference? Einstein’s General Relativity (GR) theory does not recognize an absolute scale of things. It tells us that the universe would look the same and behave the same if all objects including elementary particles were twice as large (or small) provided that the scale of time simultaneously changes so that the duration of a second is twice as long (or short). Therefore, the size of material objects only has relative meaning. No absolute predetermined scale can exist in the universe. If it did something “outside” the universe would have to determine the scale, which is a contradiction since the universe by definition contains everything.
This completely relativistic view of the cosmos follows logically from the assumption that the universe is all there is and that nothing can exist “outside” the cosmos that might determine the scale of things. This fundamental insight is not new but has been expressed from time to time throughout the ages by philosophers and may also be found in Eastern religious teachings. The Eastern religions are based on the idea that everything exists and happens in the universe as the result of a tension, or dynamic exchange, between two opposing yet cooperating entities, for example the Yin and Yang of Taoism. In the West, however, where the idea that God created the world has dominated science and philosophy for many millenniums, a totally relativistic universe is not required or even contemplated since an absolute scale of material things is taken as a God given fact.
The Expanding Spacetime
If there is no absolute scale of things we might ask why the scale is what it is, thereby implicitly assuming that the scale of material objects always has and always will remain the same. However, we now know that the universe appears to expand, which makes it natural to consider the possibility that the cosmological expansion might be and expansion of the scale of everything. If both space and time were to expand simultaneously everything would expand in proportion. Locally such an expansion would be very difficult to detect. However, light reaching us from very distant sources would be affected by the cosmological scale expansion during the time for the light to reach us. It is easy to show that this light would become redshifted. In checking other observed features of the universe we find that it agrees with the Expanding Spacetime (EST), i.e. the EST universe looks and behaves exactly like our universe.
We can use Einstein’s relativity theory to predict how the EST universe would appear to an inhabitant. By comparing these predictions with astronomical observations we can test the proposition that the scale of the universe actually is expanding. We find that the EST better agrees with observations than the Big Bang theory. Not only does it provide superior agreement with astronomical observations, but the EST theory also resolves several cosmological puzzles in a very natural way. It provides answers to a number of unresolved enigmas the most significant being the nature of the progression of time and the mystery oaf cosmological inertial reference frame. We know that time goes by but up till now there has been no physical explanation for the progression of time. We also know that an inertial reference frame must exist because of an inertial force resisting acceleration. However what creates this cosmological reference frame has been a mystery.
Spacetime Equivalence
The scale-expanding universe is “spacetime equivalent”, by which we mean that all locations in space and time are physically equivalent. This type of equivalence is also known as “conformal” invariance, which means “same shape” invariance. The universe looks and behaves the same on a large scale regardless of location in space or time. The EST universe does not age; it always remains the same. It is eternal. At first you might object to this seemingly strange proposition and argue that the cosmos sooner or later has to run out of energy. This would certainly be true in an expanding universe with a constant progression of time. But in the EST universe time is slowing down and this has the effect of restoring the energy lost by the spatial expansion. Spacetime equivalence is stronger than “The Perfect Cosmological Principle” since the universe is not sustained by spatial expansion and creation of new matter like in Steady State theories. Spacetime equivalence means that all epochs are physically and geometrically the same; the line element of General Relativity always remains the same. Time progresses without changing the universe at large. How this is possible will be explained below.
A new physical property - time acceleration
What we call energy is closely related to the progression of time. Obviously, without the progression of time there would be no motion and without motion no energy. If you are familiar with special relativity you recognize that temporal “motion”, i.e. the progression of time, is related to the energy as the temporal component of the momentum vector. All energy is ultimately motion and motion depends on the progression of time. If the pace of time were to slow down, all moving objects would appear to pick up speed relatively and their energies seemingly to increase. Thus, a slowing progression of time releases energy throughout the universe. This energy source is eternal since the pace of time can keep slowing down forever by a tiny fraction every year. The induced energy keeps the universe in perpetual motion.
The often referred to age of the universe that is estimated at 14 billion years is the age of the universe measured with the current pace of time. It does not indicate how old (or rather how aged) stars and galaxies really are. Time went faster in the past relative our present pace of time, which means that objects and structures could be aged more than 14 billion years. The aging time has no beginning in the EST. Adding an infinite number of time intervals each interval slightly shorter (by a fraction) than the preceding interval forms a geometric series with a finite sum. Paradoxically the age of the universe is both finite and infinite depending on the measure of time. Based on the present pace of time the age is finite but galaxies can in principle still be infinitely aged. This resolves one of the most difficult problems with the Big Bang theory since we know that certain stars in the Milky Way and that galaxy clusters and filaments are much older than the time since the Big Bang creation…
for more, go to the source - http://www.estfound.org/
image - http://www.esa.int/images/08_BLACKHOLE_L.jpg
